Honors English- Animal Farm Essay Essay Example

Honors English- Animal Farm Essay Essay Fhorest Padilla #209156Padilla 1 Honors English- Animal Farm Essay 2/10/10 The Failure to Improve Society ultimately becomes what it hates the most in order to continually keep moving forward into the future. This is the same for the animals in Animal Farm; they have human aspects in order to give a better understanding even though animals dislike humans. The animals are failing to make living like humans better than the humans do. Lifestyle of the pigs is far better than any of the other animals on the farm and it is seemingly unfair. Although the animal’s lifestyle is improving, it still seems that all the other animals are not being given the same treatment as the pigs have. The commandments are a model for all the animals to follow, but they are not really needed. On Animal Farm â€Å"the commandments are being written on the [tarred] wall with great white letters† (Orwell 24). The seven commandments be seen as a dynamic character because of their change in meaning or what they are thought to mean, but are changing because of Squealer’s propaganda. With this the genre of Animal Farm is also the best example of what Stalin is doing in Russia. Although something may not be evenly in comparison there is a greater reason behind it. Boxer is the strongest and hardest working of all the animals, but he is also one that is least of value to all the pigs. Boxer’s maxims, â€Å"I will work harder(Orwell 125)† is a reminder to all the animals of what he and Animal Farm stands for. The motif of Boxer’s maxim is a perfect example for all the animals to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Honors English- Animal Farm Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Honors English- Animal Farm Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Honors English- Animal Farm Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also the animal’s only real motivation to work harder is that they all do not want Mr. Jones to return. Working hard for anything that has meaning pays off in the end. The success of all the animals has nothing to do with the pigs. â€Å"All animals are working like slaves, except the pigs (Orwell 59). † The windmill is a symbol of life to all the animals; it is their only reason for living. Napoleon’s analogy of how the farm is now; to how it was when Mr. Jones was on the farm does not make sense. Success is on what is put into it; it is ll on how much effort is put forward. All in all someone or something, like the animals, is unjustly does not have the same equality as others do. The life of the pigs is made better because they make it, but this is not by the choice of the other animals. The pigs abuse their self obtainment of leadership and end up making life even harder for the other animals. All of the animals should be equal, and it has the assumption that they are, but they really are not. Equality is keen and should be properly in use all around the world.

Correct Spelling Is Profitable for Online Businesses

Correct Spelling Is Profitable for Online Businesses In his book on the history of English spelling, Oxford English professor Simon Horobin offers this economic argument for the value of correct spelling: Charles Duncombe, an entrepreneur with various online business interests, has suggested that spelling errors on a website can lead directly to a loss of custom, potentially causing online businesses huge losses in revenue (BBC News , 11 July 2011). This is because spelling mistakes are seen by consumers as a warning sign that a website might be fraudulent, leading shoppers to switch to a rival website in preference. Duncombe measured the revenue per visitor to one of his websites, discovering that it doubled once a spelling mistake had been corrected.Responding to these claims, Professor William Dutton, director of the Internet Institute at Oxford University, endorsed these conclusions, noting that, while there is greater tolerance of spelling errors in certain areas of the Internet, such as in email or on Facebook, commercial sites with spelling errors raise concerns over credibility. Online consumers concerns about spelling mistakes on websites are understandable, given that poor s pelling is specifically highlighted in advice on detecting potentially fraudulent email, so called phishing. . . .So the message is clear: good spelling is vital if you want to run a profitable online retail company, or be a successful email spammer.( Does Spelling Matter? Oxford University Press, 2013) To make sure that your writing isnt littered with spelling errors, follow our Top 10 Proofreading Tips. Dont depend on your spellchecker to handle all the work. Many so-called spelling errors are actually mistakes in word choice- such as the use of  your for youre  or role  for ​roll. A good number of the words in our Glossary of Commonly Confused Words are homophones like these, and your spellchecker simply isnt clever enough to keep their meanings straight. As Horobin states in his introduction, hes not out to reform English spelling (a futile exercise in any case) but to argue for the importance of retaining it as a testimony to the richness of our linguistic heritage and a connection with our literary past. I recommend Horobins book to anyone interested in learning more about the origins of English spelling and its often eccentric conventions. More About English Spelling Writers on English SpellingFour Spelling RulesTop 20 Spelling MnemonicsThe Futility of Spelling Reform

Facebook vs Twitter Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Facebook vs Twitter - Case Study Example Undoubtedly, malicious virus attacks appear to be the most potent challenge to Facebook. Due to this problem, thousands of people lose access to their accounts. In addition, computer hackers intrude into Facebook IDs and steal users’ confidential information. The â€Å"Facebook’s mission is to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected† (as cited in Reagan, 2009). However, growing governmental interventions and regulations including ban raise potential challenges to Facebook in some countries like China. Hence, the company has to struggle a lot to make its mission achievable. Market competitors like Twitter and Myspace are turning out to be a significant threat to Facebook. Last but not the least, many social interests groups raise their voice against Facebook, arguing that this website is a major reason of time wastage. Evidently, Facebook’s major competitor Twitter is the greatest challenge/threat to the company. Twitter has attained worldwide popularity and this website has the strength of over 500 million active users as of 2012. In addition, high profile people like celebrities and politicians prefer Twitter to Facebook. This situation may contribute to an increase in the level of Twitter traffic over the coming years. In order to manage the threat of Twitter, it is advisable for the Facebook to integrate more customized page features and applications. It is also recommendable to take efforts to ensure the presence of high profile celebrities on Facebook. Finally, the company should make financial incentive provisions for Facebook promoters. Possibly, the involvement of high profile people may be the best strategy for the Facebook to defend the threats from Twitter.

Chapter 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 8 - Assignment Example They still stay at home because they can be easily being managed in the home environment. This is also called the day treatment (Simpson, 2004). This is a resource-intense high level of care, for those patients with high levels of addiction who need 24 hours of care because of their mental health, addictive behavior, and medical needs. This is to make recovery possible and take less time. They may be unable to avoid substance abuse due to the home environment or psychiatric (Simpson, 2004). This program includes the residents and staff and all members of the community and teaches social responsibilities and coping skill. A case manager’s role is to ensure that an individual reaches his optimum level of wellness and functionality within his environment. They assess the needs of patients and family and coordinate care services. This includes counseling, education, rehabilitation, nutrition and transportation. Case managers also to ensure that provision of care is in the most comprehensive and cost-effective manner for the individual family and his insurance providers (Zehner, 2012). They monitor the continuity of care and serve as an advocate for the individual. A counselor serves as a therapist to family groups, individuals, and couples. Counselors do not plan and coordinate care but are part of the care plan for those seeing a case manager. They do not treat mental illness or provide medication but provide advice and tools for coping with certain situations, for example, health challenges, disabilities, and relationships (Zehner, 2012). A national review of state alcohol and drug treatment programs and certification standards for substance abuse counselors and preventive professionals. The standards used are the client’s rights, governance of the program, and payment to the program, environmental sanitation, statistical reporting, client’s case reports and quality of care reviews (Zehner,

A case summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A case summary - Essay Example In October 2008, Siemens was ordered to pay a fine amounting to $284 million and convicted of funneling money. Corruption had steeped throughout the organization and the announcement of the amnesty plan led to low level employees coming forward with crucial information. By 2008, the head of the medical equipment division went on trial and the investigation expanded to include 270 former and current employees. There were various charges including the allegation that a former Siemens board member used Siemens money to support an employer friendly union to counter the Siemens worker union. By December 2008, Siemens agreed to pay a fine of $800 million to settle the charges and in July 2008, Siemens agreed to pay the World Bank $100 million for its role in bribing Russian officials. The ethical issue in this regard is the fact that Siemens used bribery as a method of obtaining contracts and bypassed the selection tests using money. This is unfair to other companies who competed for the same contracts using their merit and own abilities. It is against the free market policies and this practice gives an unfair advantage to Siemens. The culture of corruption had steeped through the company, from the top level executives to the lower level employees. There was a method to the corruption and this leads to Siemens becoming a company with absolutely no moral direction. Moreover, the sheer magnitude of the corruption suggests that all members of the company felt that the corruption wasn’t really an issue. A company blinded by profits and willing to compromise on such basic morals, would also compromise on the quality of the service they provide. Besides, since the selection is not done on the basis of merit and the best company might not have been necessarily selected, the quality of the work might be compromised as well. The safety of the people using the services provided by

Autocratic-Democratic Continuum Model

Autocratic-Democratic Continuum Model Leadership This review begins with various definitions of leadership. It then introduces different styles of leadership from a variety of authors. The issue of leadership is an important issue that has intrigued many theoreticians and practitioners over the years, leading to much research and study. There is no one accepted definition of leadership, although there are many opinions put forward. Sergiovanni, (2001) suggests a moral substance to leadership, leadership is, after all, a struggle a quest to do the right thing. Yukl describes the bigger picture regarding the leadership of one person over many Most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that it involves a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person [or group] over other people [or groups] to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organization. (1994, p3) The group plays an important part in leadership theory, which i will discuss in more detail later in the chapter. Bass gives leadership a positive connotation and defines it as an instrument of goal achievement where leadership is viewed as constructive behaviours pursuing group goals. (1990, p15-16) This is developed further with an autocratic perspective by (Gardner, 1990; Riches, 1994, 1997) suggesting that Leadership is the process in which a person exerts influence over individuals and groups through goal setting or activities. Smircich and Morgan develop the group thinking by highlighting the active involvement of followers in allowing leaders to take on an influencing role. They state Leadership is an obligation or perceived right on the part of certain individuals to define the reality of others. (1982, p258) In modern society organisations have become more accountable, organisational leadership has came to the forefront and is one of the most researched and analysed topics in the area of organisational development (Chapman, 1993). Research found that good leadership plays a vital role in creating the culture that enhances learning in schools (Brundrett Terrell, 2004). Successful leadership is invariably linked to school effectiveness. In the many lists produced by researchers, firm leadership (Reynolds 1991), professional leadership (Sammons et al. 1995) and outstanding leadership (Levine Lezotte 1990) are identified as major factors contributing to school effectiveness. Leadership has also been shown to have an impact upon school improvement processes (Leithwood Steinbach, 1993; Stoll Fink, 1996) and an effect upon school outcomes (Hallinger Heck, 1998; Southworth, 2001). For schools, the qualities of leadership and management are a crucial element in striving for effectiveness (Sammones, Thomas, Mortimore, Owen, Pennell and Hilman, 1994). Teddlie and Reynolds indicate that leadership is usually provided by the headteacher or principal, they found that leadership is now centrally synonymous with school effectiveness for many, including many operating within school improvement paradigm (Teddlie Reynolyds, 2000:141). As such, the ability to set clear organisational goals has been found to be a relevant variable linking leadership and school effectiveness. Leadership Theories Development through history They are many theories on leadership which have been developed over the years and surely many more to follow. Here is a brief summary of the theory behind the subject. The individual leader, they are people who have always been scrutinised throughout history, this scrutiny has brought about The great man theory, the view that leaders are born and not made, this implies that the process of selection of leaders is crucial, and that training and development in leadership has no outcome. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, however, a series of qualitative reviews of these studies (e.g., Bird, 1940[8]; Stogdill, 1948[9]; Mann, 1959[10]) prompted researchers to take a drastically different view of the driving forces behind leadership. In reviewing the extant literature, Stogdill and Mann found that while some traits were common across a number of studies, the overall evidence suggested that persons who are leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations. Subsequently, leadership was no longer characterized as an enduring individual trait, as situational approaches (see alternative leadership theories below) posited that individuals can be effective in certain situations, but not others. This approach dominated much of the leadership theory and research for the next few decades. Trait Theory, this claims that certain personality traits determine success in leadership. Stogdill (1969) found that some personality traits were common to successful leaders, there has been difficulty in identifying them consistently and agreeing definitions of personality traits. Situation theory is based on the view that leadership cannot be examined away from the group over which leadership is being exercised. The view is that leadership is a group phenomenon which will vary according to situations and over time. Also, leadership is not a one way process of influence. Leaders are influenced by followers as well as vice versa. The studies that were carried out tended to be in small ad hoc groups in controlled settings (eg Lippett and White). Leadership styles, there are two ways of analysing styles of leadership: one is on the range from autocratic to democratic, which i jave chosen as my focus for my action research project, and is associated with the work of Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973). The other is based on the relative dominance in a leader of concern for people and relationships or concern for production or results; this theory is associated with Blake and Mouton (1964). They also explained that The point to be emphasised here is that managerial styles are not fixed. They are not unchanging. They are determined by a range of factors. Many are subject to modification through formal instruction or self training. (Blake and Mouton, 1964 p.13) Behaviour theory is based on ten work of Halpin who suggests that leaders do two main things: Initiate structures: establish goals, set up channels of communication, establish procedures and review processes. Consider others: create a climate of trust, respect and warmth Halpin suggests that effective leadership is associated with high performance on both points. Contingency theories are complex, they recognise the interaction of leaders and their environments. They are two models: The model developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1977) identifies both directive and supportive behaviour in a leader, which can be modified according to the level of development, experience and commitment of the subordinate. The model developed by Fiedler (1967) combines an analysis of the leaders style (people or production?) with an analysis of three variables of the situation which can be seen as favourable or unfavourable to the leader, e.g. the level of formal authority. Fiedlers research indicates that a task orientated leader is best suited to a situation that is particularly favourable or unfavourable and that a people orientated leader is more effective where the situation is not particularly favourable or unfavourable. Action Leadership was developed from Contingency Theory by Adair (1984) who suggested that there were three main dimensions to leadership. These were; a concern for task, a concern for the team or group and a concern for individuals. Effective leaders will pay attention to all three dimensions. Adair then identifies a set of key actions which all leaders must perform in respect of each of these three dimensions. Leadership and Management Leadership tends to be equated with vision and values and management with processes and structures: Leadership and management are not synonymous terms. One can be a leader without being a manager. One can, for example, fulfil many of the symbolic, inspirational educational and normative functions of a leader and thus represent what an organization stands for without carrying any of the formal burdens of management. Conversely, one can manage without leading. An individual can monitor and control organizational activities, make decisions, and allocate resources without fulfilling the symbolic, normative, inspirational, or educational functions of leadership. (Schon, 1984, p. 36) Here the differentiation is not intended to distinguish between roles. Schon goes on to say that since we generally expect managers to lead, it may be permissible to treat management and leadership as one, although he does identify the concepts of: management as science and the art of managing. This latter concept may have more in common with leadership. In the classic research of Lewin et al. (1939) at the University of Iowa, three leadership behaviours, or styles, were examined: the autocratic, the democratic, and the laissez-faire. It was found that the autocratic style tends to centralise authority and dictate work methods, while the democratic style tends to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation, and use feedback to coach employees. Of the three, the laissez-faire style was found to be ineffective in every performance criterion. This original research of Lewins greatly influenced other studies conducted after World War II. The most significant of these studies were performed by the Ohio State Group (Shartle, 1949, 1950; Fleishman, 1953; Halpin and Winer, 1957; Hemphill and Coons, 1957), as well as took  place at the University of Michigan (Katz, Maccoby and Morse, 1950; Katz, Maccoby, Gurin and Floor, 1951; Katz and Kahn, 1952). All these studies found that leadership displaying concern for people produced better results than that displaying concern for production. The Ohio State Group formulated dimensions of consideration and initiating structure. The first of these signifies the extent that the working relationships a leader has with subordinates is characterised by mutual trust and respect for group members ideas and feelings. The latter signifies the extent that a leader is likely to define and structure her/his role and the roles of group members for the sake of seeking goal attainment. The Michigan studies spoke of employee orientation and production orientation. The former emphasises the extant that a leader values interpersonal relationships and accepts individual differences among subordinates; this is associated with high group productivity. The second emphasises the extent to which a leader values the technical or task aspects of the job and is concerned with accomplishing the groups tasks; this is associated with low group productivity and low job satisfaction. Autocratic leadership The Autocratic Leadership Style was first described by Lewin, Lippitt, and White in 1938, along with the democratic leadership and the laissez-faire leadership styles. The autocratic leadership style is sometimes referred to as the directive leadership style. Autocratic leadership can be said to be synonymous to dictatorship where only one person has the authority over the followers or workers. Their decision has to be taken as the golden rule and should never be questioned. They plan out everything and order their subordinates to work according to their rules. For instance, if a company has an autocratic leader as the Managing Director, the employees in the company would have to work as per the rules set down by him. They would not be expected to make any contribution from their side, which may actually help in enhancing the productivity of the company. In short, the autocratic leader has full control of those around him and believes to have the complete authority to treat them as he wants. The premise of the autocratic management style is the belief that in most cases the worker cannot make a contribution to their own work, and that even if they could, they would not. According to Douglas McGregor this belief system leads to the mindset of Theory X (Dessler 37). McGregor believes Theory X workers have no interest in work in general, including the quality of their work. Professor Henry Daryanto interprets McGregors theory as mangers dealing with this theory by using carrots and sticks. The carrot is usually a monetary incentive, such as piece-rate pay schemes while the stick is docking pay for poor quality or missed production targets (Daryanto). It appears only money and threats can motivate the lazy, disinterested worker. The natural management style for a manager with this Theory X belief system would be to favour is the autocratic management style. Autocratic managers attempt to control work to the maximum extent possible. A major threat to control is complexity. Complex jobs are more difficult to learn and workers who master such jobs are scarce and possess a certain amount of control over how the job is done. An autocratic managers attempt to simplify work to gain maximum control. Autocratic managers prefer a strict top-down; chain-of-command approach to management be practiced. Management style is a term that refers to the nature of the relationship between managers and non-managerial employees. It includes not only the personal relationship between people but also the style of communication and the attitudes that managers have of employees and the attitudes they generate in employees. The term leadership is sometimes used. This refers to the ways in which managers achieve the attitudes and actions of their employees. Usually the actions desired are those which lead to the achievement of organizational objectives. A form of leadership therefore implies a style of management. One particular style of management is autocratic, which our learning team sometimes refers to it as antiquated. The autocratic style of management is based on the use of coercion as a means of control in an attempt to force employees to behave in a particular way. The response of employees to such coercion is seen to be extremely authoritative, that is they will do as they are told because the alternative may be unemployment. Another reaction by an employee to this autocratic style is they might only do the absolute minimum required of them to retain their jobs. Clearly productivity in such an organization will not be very high. Military and law enforce1ment organizations historically operate within an autocratic style of management, but this is seen as necessary in the situation in which they operate. Because of this acceptance resentment should not arise since there is an accepted of style of management in these organizational forms. Our learning team believes not only should a style of management be chosen according to the type of organization, it should be chosen to suit the particular situation in a given organization. For example the means of dealing with a disciplinary matter will differ from that used in a problem-solving situation. The style of management of routine day to day activities will differ from the management of project and design activities. Managers must therefore choose a management style to suit the situation. Our team also criticizes the autocratic style and suggests that such a style will lead to conflict, low motivation and low productivity. We all advocate a more democratic style of management. This does not mean management by committee or making decisions by democratic voting, it means involving people in organizations in some aspects of the running of the organization. The communication style of an autocratic leader is usually described as one way. They tell you exactly what they want done. The feedback you would get from this type of leader would generally be unplanned. They would simply tell you when youve made a mistake. The decision making process is usually unilateral and they accomplish goals by directing people. Now that might not sound like the type of leader youd follow, but there are actually situations when this style is effective. In the workplace, some conditions may simply call for urgent action, and in these cases an autocratic style of leadership may be best style to adopt. Surprisingly, most workers have already worked for an autocratic leader and therefore have little trouble adapting to that style. In fact, in times of stress or emergency some subordinates may actually prefer an autocratic style they prefer to be told exactly what to do. So to summarize the autocratic leadership style is very effective when times are stressful, but very stressful during those times when the pressure is off the followers or coworkers. Though autocratic leadership style is tyrannical, it has proved to be very efficient during certain situations and conditions. Autocratic leadership works positively during emergency and stressful situations. When such situations arise in a company or organization, most people are confused and are not able to reach a common solution. During such times, having an autocratic leader would be great as he would take the reins in his hand and would direct the workers or employees to move forward. For instance, there is a terrorist attack at some place and the soldiers have to rescue innocent people from there. If many people try to give solutions, it may take time and the mission may end in failure. In such situations, having one autocratic person to command the rest of the group on how to go about with the mission can lead to success. Another situation where the autocratic leadership style proves appropriate is while doing group projects. Many group projects tend to fail because group members depend on each other to make decisions. Such situations demand the need of an authoritative leader who can make decisions for the group. The leader should determine the ways in which the project would be done, divide the job among the members, and also set a deadline for completion of the project. Autocratic leadership may have its benefits, however, in most cases it is seen as something that is undesirable. Autocratic leadership style promotes a one sided conversation and due to this the creative and leadership skills of the employees become restrictive. As the leader would have all the authority, there is a chance that he would exploit his employees. There have been cases where an authoritative employer has fired employees because they showed the courage of disagreeing with him. It is also said that having an autocratic leader hinders workplace communication and socialization. It is very important to have a cordial work environment, where everyone is friendly. It can also give rise to disagreements and conflicts, if a group or company is led by an autocratic leader. In the military and other urgent circumstances, people may prefer the ability to be told what do next. According to Money Zine, In fact, in times of stress or emergency, some subordinates may actually prefer an autocratic stylethey prefer to be told exactly what to do. The autocratic leadership style is very effective when times are stressful. Lengthy debate has no place in many work environments, and this form of leadership limits arguments. It allows employees to have one task, and that is to work, which could mean that the employees master their tasks and become proficient enough to help grow the company. This method of leadership may lead to more pressure from the boss on the rest of the employees, who then push back against the management method. Theft and other issues may arise because of a lack of workplace satisfaction. According to Smart Entrepreneur, This is one of the least desirable when it comes to building trusting relationships and making friends. In this system, one person has control over all of the workers or followers. Making friends is an important part of life, and if this is destroyed, it can create an unhappy environment. This translates to the quality of work, and not being seen as human can cause more resistance to new aspects of the job. A little autonomy and social appeal can make a difference in retaining good workers. 1.3 Participatory Leadership The premise of the participatory management style is the belief that the worker can make a contribution to the design of their own work. The belief system that lead managers to this conclusion was originally put forth as a management theory by McGregor, who called it Theory Y. Theory Y advocates believe that workers are internally motivated. They take satisfaction in their work, and would like to perform at their best. Symptoms of indifference are a result of the modern workplace, which restricts what a worker can do and separates him from the final results of his efforts. It is managements job to change the workplace so that the worker can, once again, recapture his pride of workmanship. Elements of Theory Y are evident in Demings discussion of the role of a manager of people, presented earlier. Managers who practice the participatory style of management tend to engage in certain types of behaviour. To engage the workers they establish and communicate the purpose and direction of the organization. This is used to help develop a shared vision of what the organization should be, which is used to develop a set of shared plans for achieving the vision. The managers role is that of a leader. By her actions and words she shows the way to her employees. She is also a coach, evaluating the results of her peoples efforts and helping them use the results to improve their processes. She works with the leaders above her in the organization to improve the organizations systems and the organization as a whole. 1.4 Democratic Leadership The Democratic Leadership Style was first described by Lewin, Lippitt, and White in 1938 along with the autocratic leadership and the laissez-faire leadership styles. They distinguished democratic leadership from autocratic and laissez-faire styles, arguing that democratic leaders relied upon group decision making, active member involvement honest praise and criticism, and a degree of comradeship. By contrast, leaders using the other styles were either domineering or uninvolved. Kariel (1956) argues that Lewins notion of democracy is manipulative and elitist and not democratic. The dynamics of democratic leadership, however, are not well understood. In fact, there is no clear and well-developed definition of the term within academia. In a classic review, Gibb (1969, p258) lamented the fact that the basic psychological meaning of democratic leadership had nowhere been spelled out. Twenty years later, Miriam Lewin (1987) agreed. repeating Kurt Lewins earlier call for a better understanding of the detailed nature of democratic leadership and followership through social science research (p. 138). The democratic style was also included by Daniel Goleman in 2002 as one of his six leadership styles. In Bass (1990, 19-20) handbook on leadership a definition is provided: Leadership is an interaction between two or more members of a group that often involves a structuring or restructuring of the situation and the perceptions and expectations of the membersLeadership occurs when one group member modifies the motivation or competencies of others in the group. Any member of teh group can exhibit some amount of leadership Bass further argues that Leadership is behaviour, not position and this can be said of the democratic method of leadership. The democratic leader gives followers a vote in nearly every decision the team makes. The process involved with being a democratic leader is very time consuming because decisions are nearly always made together. The democratic leadership style is able to quickly build flexibility and responsibility and can help identify new ways to do things. This leadership style is best used when the followers are knowledgeable about the organizations process and change is needed. For example, this style is used when the leader needs to introduce fresh ideas into the organization to help with an old process. Lewin, Lippitt and White were one of the first to categorize leadership styles in terms of behavioral characteristics. Prior to their work, leadership traits were the focus of leadership studies. Under democratic leadership, the people have a more participatory role in the decision making process. One person retains final say over all decisions but allows others to share insight and ideas. Most of all, democratic leaders must seek to make members into leaders (Theilen Poole, 1986). This is often a highly effective form of leadership. People are more likely to excel in their positions and develop more skills when they feel empowered, and people are empowered when they are involved in the decision-making process. Although it may take some time to achieve full participation from a group, the end result will be rewarding if you can manage to establish a power-sharing environment in your group project. You will find that democratic practices often lead to a more productive and higher quality work group. Examples of democratic leadership: Asking all group members for ideas and input. Voting on the best course of action in a project. Asking group members to work with their strengths and provide input on how to divide the work. ]li]Enabling members to work at their own pace and set their own deadlines. Pitfalls of Democratic Leadership It doesnt take too much imagination to think of ways that democratic leadership could backfire during a group project. As you probably know, some members of a group will work well on their own and complete all work in a timely fashion. But there are other workers who will procrastinate-and that can lead to disaster. If you are a natural democratic leader, it might be necessary to learn some traits of the autocratic or bureaucratic leaders and tap into them as necessary. Always have a backup plan on hand! Undemocratic leadership styles can result in a variety of undesirable outcomes: dependent and apathetic followers (Barber. 1984 Heifetz Sinder. 1987; Manz Sims. 1989; White Lippitt, 1960). In addition, undemocratic leadership can undermine the pursuit of ethical ideals, such as self-determination, personal development and democratic decision making (Barber, 1984: Sashkin, 1984). 1.5 Laissez-faire leadership Laissez faire style simply means a delegate approach to leadership. Many researchers have found out that those children who grow under laissez-faire leadership establishments, happen to be the less productive in any group. This was also reinforced by these children making more demands upon their leader, as researchers have come to ascertain, amidst showing little in terms of cooperation as well as the inability to work more independently. Most laissez faire styles offer no or very little guidance to the members of the same group, amidst leaving the making of decisions to other group members. As much a it could be overtly effective in those situations where most employees or members happen to be highly qualified and skilful in their area experience and know-how, it has often led to poor roles definition plus a sheer lack in motivation. In this leadership style, the head or leader onlysets that overall priority or instruction, where then he gets out of the way so that things can be left to run on their own. With the usage of this leadership style, the leader just accepts wholesome responsibility for many of the decisions that come into fruition, though the decision-making has been left to his team. Also, the team members are also left to evaluate, analyse and transform issue and all problems just as they come. Laissez faire is very appropriate for mature and acute senior teams, which have a track record of proof and have confidence in handling lots of issues. The most pitfall and shortcoming of this type of leadership is strictly failure. In case of anything going wrong, the leader has no clout to blame his team, but a chance to see his shortcomings. But in each management style, or leadership style, the motivation towards good leadership and overall output of members or employees are held up within the management theories, that offer a dimension for all leaders to use for the realisation of their utmost goals. Leadership without goals is failure in management. Some of these theories include the Hawthorne model or experiments, which lay emphasis on human relations. In this model, the work-place lightning did improve the productivity during the experiment and after, that is, within the groups. It has thus reinforced the fact that individuals are not those rational and covert economic beings as assumed by the classical theorists, as well as the emphasis of social interaction and the improvement of peoples work once they have been valued. Other theories of management include the rule set or bureaucracy, stipulated by Max Weber and gave the world the red tape, since it lays emphasis on rules and overall regulations. Also, the scientific theory of management by Frederick Taylor brought out the notion that each task must be scientifically and also rationally optimised for overall productivity, which was perfected by the Ford Company and the monetary incentives involved brought perfect results. Lastly, the process approach theory by Henry Fayol has been clear in leadership styles and in all management levels, even in laissez faire, as it lays much emphasis on planning, organising, coordinating, commanding, controlling and even the staff and line principles. The theories are not leadership styles but they harness the existing leadership and management styles. Disadvantages of leadership styles As much as the leadership style known as paternalistic management contains some autocratic dynamism, it comes as being a bit warm and a bit fuzzy within the precincts of its approach. In its paternal aspect, it harkens in the line of a father being firm though has good intentions in the life of ones children and in the business limelight, the employees. Just like most paternal beings are, except for those dads who keep saying: I told you, the typical paternalistic manager most of the times explains the specific reason as to why he has taken certain actions in management and for his employees. He is very far from being autocratic and looks after the harmony within his or her team. A manager of this calibre tends to provide that environment that is perfectly well rounded for all within his management wing, even including a prior consideration of their personal and social aspects in their lives. In this respect, there seems to occur some kind of upward communication all the way from the tip to the high ranks, in terms of provision of feedback which could be well used for the transformation of some aspects within the organisation for the achievement of employee satisfaction and avid motivation. Those in support of paternalistic management style have related to it as providing a huge movement towards the motivation of employees more than an autocratic style, since the employees tends to fill the leadership as considering their welfare and thus do care for them more as people and not just like robots. Since the objective that comes with keeping the motivation of the employees is highly included in this leadership style, there tends to be an overt probability that is laid towards an increased loyalty of employee and also a minimal turnover. The overall disadvantage with this leadership style depicts the overall disadvantage of leadership styles, sharing such similarities with those elements of autocratic techniques of management styles, such that they have led to the dependency upon the leader thro

Toxic Waste Sites in Texas Essay -- essays research papers

Major Toxic Waste Sites in Texas When thinking about the most polluted states in our country, California and New York instantly pop into our mind. What most people don’t know, however, is that Texas now ranks number one in most categories of pollution. Whether it be increased emissions from refineries in Beaumont, large pits filled with contamination at Kelley Air Force Base, or polluted water at Lake Sam Rayburn, Texas has more than its fair share of toxic waste. Exxon/Mobil, one of the nation’s leading oil producers, has its main refinery located in Beaumont, Texas. Each year, the residents of Beaumont/Port Arthur have to contend with the 39,000 pounds of pollution spewed each year by the Exxon refinery. Exxon’s emissions are 385% above the state refinery average. In 1999, the Texas Natural Resources Conservation Committee (TNRCC) allowed the plant to increase their emissions, without allowing the public to have a say in the matter. Interestingly, 95% of the people living near the plant are of African American descent and are in the poverty range. Some believe that this, along with the lack of education in the area, allows Exxon to get away with such high emissions. Residents in nearby neighborhoods have been complaining of headaches, nausea, eye, and throat irritation for years. Since 1997, Mobil has repeatedly violated health standards in its emissions of two key air pollutants: sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, These â€Å"rotten egg† smells are so strong, one can smell it through a car driving past the refinery. After numerous complaints and one record of a refinery worker becoming unconscious because of the fumes, the EPA awarded Exxon with a $100,000 environmental justice grant in October of 1998. Hopefully, Exxon has put the money to good use and cleaned up their emissions. Kelly Air Force Base (KAFB) in San Antonio has been one of the Air Force's major aircraft maintenance facilities since the 1950s. Located on 4000 acres and surrounded by residential neighborhoods, KAFB warehouses and maintains aircraft, jet engines, and nuclear materials for worldwide distribution. Activities at the base can generate as much as 282,000 tons of hazardous waste per year, all in close range to the neighboring communities. One day, a woman living near the base noticed a man dumping waste into an open pit in... ...d. As of July 2001, nothing has been done to change the water standards for the Donahue paper mill. This is a sad thing, not only for the residents that live on the lake, but also for the thousands of fish and wildlife that are killed each year. All three of these examples prove that pollution is happening in Texas and that it is important for residents to get involved if they want a change to happen. Sometimes, even governmental agencies cannot stop pollution. We must take care of our natural resources, especially land and water, because they are non-renewable. We want our state to be clean for our grandchildren, great grandchildren, and great-great grandchildren. This will not happen unless residents of these toxic waste sites take action and let their voices be heard. Besides, whatever happened to the slogan, â€Å"Don’t Mess With Texas?† References: 1). Texas Toxic Tour, http://www.txpeer.org 2). Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, "1999 Report of Sam Rayburn Task Force," March 2000, http://www.anglersresort.com/lake.htm 3). Southwest Public Workers' Union, "North Kelly Gardens Community Health Survey near Kelly AFB, Texas," Revised Edition, 10/23/97, p. 3.

Development of a Code of Ethics: IT Challenges Essay

Societal changes caused by information technology and the resulting ethical usage  The information technology advancements continue to impact the workplace, societies and cultures. In today’s world, information technology is almost part of every business, educational institute, and even personal activity (Brooks, 2010). Computer and internet access have found their way to households, schools, libraries, people’s cell phones, banks, hospitals, governments, coffee shops, and other public places. As the industry evolves, so do the needs and special niches of society from mainframe systems, to micro systems, to PC-based LAN and WAN systems, to virtual systems and the internet. Advanced technology means unlimited prospects for the society. In the same token, new technologies mean increased exposure to engage in unethical behaviors. The growing concerns have given rise to efforts in developing code of ethics to prevent violations and address ethical dilemmas. When policies are ambiguous, ethical decisions can vary depending to the personal judgment or interpretation of the manager. There are instances where the lines are blurry that it becomes difficult to draw the line between ethical and unethical behavior (Brooks, 2010). This is the reason why it is important for education systems and businesses to address the ethical concerns of information technology usage and to develop a code of ethics to prevent ethical dilemmas and violations. New capabilities of computers give rise to new choices for action. This results in situations where either there is no conduct for guidance or there is inadequate policy to address the situation. James H. Moor, a Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at Dartmouth College published an article â€Å"What is Computer Ethics?† where he identified this situation as policy vacuum (Moor, 1985). History of the development of Code of Ethics in computing In the 1950 era, a new technology in the form of TAB machines was introduced  by accountants. Very few understood the capabilities of these machines and even fewer had the skills to operate them. The machine accountants were faced with challenges in the usage of the TAB machines and did not have any guidance to follow. The National Machine Accountants Association (NMAA) was founded in 1960 to address the growing issues of this new technology. The changing nature of processing information brought about by the introduction of computers in the early 1960’s gave rise to another challenge. The industry was changing and the widespread interest on computers required a change in the mission and goals of NMAA. The association’s name was changed to Data Processing Management Association (DPMA) to be more reflective of the new objectives that promoted continuing education and professional certification of its members. As the computing industry evolved, business leaders, accountants, and educators recognized the need to advance Information Technology (IT) professional development, support IT education, and formulate IT policies that will guide the usage of IT in many facets of society. The association adopted yet another name in 1996 which is now the Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP). Development of Code of Ethics There are at least two basic factors that influence the development of Code of Ethics for IT. One is from sources outside of the corporate structure, and the other is from the corporation’s governance. AITP as an outside source. The accounting environment established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to oversee, regulate, and discipline accounting firms that do not conform to accountability and transparency standards. In the information technology world, similar professional agencies were formed to provide guiding principles in the usage of information technology to ward off undesirable and unethical behavior. A prominent professional association that lends oversight to the guiding principles of information technology is the AITP. AITP is an association composed of a premier network of IT business professionals focused on providing a community of knowledge, education and resources to its members bound by the association’s guiding principles on Guiding Principles reflect AITP’s beliefs about your role as a member and the impact we want AITP to  have in the IT profession. The association extends opportunities to its member to become better leaders that excel through honesty demanding ethical behavior and fiscal responsibility. The association’s webpage shares news, IT developments and events with chapter members, IT professionals, faculty advisors, student members, and various community groups. Today, there are over 1,000 U.S. regional chapters with members that are linked in who make continuous network connections around the country and across the globe. Corporate governance as an inside source. Prudent governance of an organization’s IT functions is viewed as an integral part of corporate strategy in facilitating information-based competitive advantage in promoting organizational growth and progress. Enterprise leaders like the board members, executive management and chief information officers are entrusted with the responsibility of raising awareness and understanding to ensure IT meets and exceeds expectations, its risks mitigated, and standards followed (IT Governance Institute, 2003). These officers are uniquely positioned to fulfill their role in harmonizing the organizational strategy with the accounting, auditing, operational and IT controls that is central in adhering to corporate ethical behavior. It is important for top management to lead in promoting awareness of ethical compliance within their organization as it sends messages to employees that inevitably shape the culture of their organizations. Enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology The expansion of Internet brings together different cultures and societies where norms of ethical and acceptable behavior, and the role of computing and communication networks within the society vary a lot. In protecting globally distributed systems that employ open public networks, there is a great demand to specify what individuals’ rights and responsibilities are in regard to these networks. The distributed global nature of networks makes this a significantly difficult task. The lack of centralized authority and differences in moral codes between different groups, such as original developers of networks, business users, private users and governmental  organizations lead to significant consistencies. These situations can easily trigger enforcement issues that can result in ethical dilemmas. Differences of organizational culture can also become problematic when dealing with how operational policies and methods are enforced. Various groups within the company may have significantly different objectives and requirements for the use of networks, and balancing different needs and wishes may be a difficult task. The task of adopting or designing a common communication network to adapt to the various departmental needs becomes complex. The issue becomes even more complicated when considering the non-technical issues. For instance, it becomes difficult to establish a common ethics guideline that can provide comprehensive protection and security for all aspects of the organizational structure. There is also an enforcement issue on banning people from downloading data like music off the internet. This is a clear violation of the Copyright laws but protecting the authors is difficult to enforce considering that the internet is open to anyone who has access to a computer. The downloading of music does not cause actual harm to anyone, but it is unethical. A hacker can argue that a crime is not committed since there is no theft, vandalism or breach of confidentiality. In an Examiner article published by Scot Trodik on â€Å"Ethical Issues on Hacking† (Trodik, 2011), the Hacker Manifesto states that the only crime committed is the crime of curiosity and since the information is free, hacking is therefore justified. Conversely, the Computer Fraud and Abuse act of 1986 recently expanded in March 2013 made it illegal to tap into a computer without authorization and access private government, financial or credit card information. However, this act was flawed because of its broad scope and vague wordings that would criminalize many everyday activities allowing outlandishly severe penalties. Establishing a code of ethics in an online educational environment Technology has enormously changed the teaching world from the traditional classroom to online learning. Distance learning allows a student to choose  courses to enroll in and enables a student to develop a personalized schedule. Higher education institutions that offer online learning should not lose sight in stressing the importance of ethical character development of both the faculty and the learner in the pursuit of a personal, academic and professional excellence. This educational revolution can pose an ethical challenge because the interaction between the faculty and the learner becomes less personal in comparison to a face-to-face classroom instruction. It is for this reason that it is crucial to establish and adopt a code of conduct that gives guidance to the maintenance of effective and responsible distance learning programs. Institutions should provide policy guidelines for faculty and learners to follow and incorporate technology ethics in the curriculum. An Academic Conduct Committee should be established to enforce academic rules and promote an atmosphere of learning. Penalties for violators of the code should be weighed with fairness keeping in mind the intent to preserve the integrity of distance learning educational process. A student handbook on the rules of academic integrity should be a required reading material so that students know what the instances that violate academic integrity. Examples of these violations include plagiarism, fabricating citation, use of unauthorized assistance, and falsifying or altering results of research work. Among these violations, Plagiarism is one of the most common academic misconduct in a distance learning setting. Many factors lead students to commit plagiarism. Some of these reasons may be because of new rules to learn, academic pressures, poor time management or poor research skills. Notwithstanding these, students should have the responsibility to educate themselves honestly. References Al-Rjoub, H., Zabian, A. & Qawasmeh, S. (2008). Electronic Monitoring: The Employees Pointof View. Journal of Social Sciences , 4(3), 189-195. Brooks, R. (2010). The Development of a Code of Ethics: An Online Classroom Approach to Making Connections between Ethical Foundations and the Challenges Presented by Information Technology. American Journal of  Business Education. October 2010. 3(10), 1-13. Collack. V. (2007). What is computer ethics? Article analysis. Retrieved August 21, 2013 from http://www.collak.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id Cone, E. (2008, September 10). Social Responsibility: Doing the Right Thing. CIOInsight Retrieved from http://www.cioinsight.com/c/a/Research/Doing-the-Right-Thing Harbert, T. (2007, October 29). Ethics in IT; Dark Secrets, Ugly Truths. And Little Guidance. Computerworld , 41(44), 34-36.Jennings, M. (2009). Business Ethics: Case Studies and Selected Readings(6th Ed.). Mason, OH:South-Western Cengage Learning.Kuzu, A. (2009). Problems Related to Computer Ethics: Origins of the Problems and Suggested Solutions. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,8(2), 91-110. Mingers, J. & Walsham, G. (2010). Toward ethical information systems: The contribution of discourse ethics. MIS Quarterly. Vol. 34 No. 4. December 2010. 833-854. Moor, J. H. (1985). What is Computer Ethics? Darmouth College. Moor, J. H. (2001). The Future of Computer Ethics: You Ain’t Seen Nothin’ Yet! Ethics and Information Technology,3, 38-91. Moor, J. H. (2005). Why We Need Better Ethics for Emerging Technologies. Ethics and Information Technology, 7, 111-119. doi:10.1007/s10676-006-0008-0 Association of Information Technology Professionals. http://www.aitp.org/?page=Ethics. Accessed August 20, 2013. Board briefing on IT governance. IT Governance Institute. http://www.itgi.org/Template_ITGIc9a4.html?Section. Accessed August 22, 2013. Trodik, S. (2011). Ethical issues on hacking. The Hacker’s Manifesto. http://www.examiner.com/article/ethical-issues-hacking. Accessed August 23, 2013.

Importance of Academic Deadline Essay Sample

Importance of Academic Deadline Essay Sample Importance of Academic Deadline Education Essay Importance of Academic Deadline Education Essay Many people think that meeting deadline is important, but others especially those who have problems with handling assignments on time do not agree. That is why let me introduce the advantages and disadvantages of doing work on time. I decided to provide my thoughts in a bit philosophic way, but still it is worth discussing. As for me, the only negative thing of late passing is an additional time for improving the assignment. Why it is Important to Turn in Assignments on Time Essay On the other hand, students who submit their assignments on time develop their personality and such important traits as sense of accomplishment and responsibility, of appreciation and respect. Furthermore, he/she becomes disciplined and punctual as well as learns how to achieve their goals. In addition to this, missing the deadline could lead to bad consequences, such as bad marks and additional tasks. Developing these skills is important for police officers because it is an undeniable fact that they should be responsible, respectful, punctual and be able to achieve their goals. Thereby now, I would like to talk about every advantage in detail. Let me start with such an important thing as punctuality. The first thing that needs to be said is â€Å"do not leave for tomorrow what you can do today†. Eternal postponing until later, tomorrow, day after tomorrow, etc. is a completely wrong approach to work. Furthermore, then when the time comes â€Å"for later† is already too late In addition, for the same reason a student may reinforce in memory the name of his/her course paper, which was given to him/her six months ago. Now he/she definitely has no time to write it, since he/she has always distracted to other â€Å"more serious† business. Moreover, during the last week before the due time he/she has some kind of a survival instinct that he/she miraculously manage to write 100 pages. Fortunately, our consciousness really starts to work as we grow up. We already start to realize that the best thing is to do everything in time. After all, we learn to be responsible and we realize that order in everything is very important. A number of key issues arise from the statement, for instance, punctuality or doing all on time. Delays or hindrance at work is a sign of an unreliable person. The principle of doing everything on time applies to all tasks. However, it is said that punctuality is the politeness of kings. I would say â€Å"Punctuality is politeness.† I believe that punctuality depends on a personal organization of a person. I think the main reason of being not punctual is that we always find some justification like â€Å"peel on the road†. If we repeatedly justify being late, and others say the true reason for being late, then eventually a desire not to be late will disappear. The main thing is that it is the most punctual people who are irritated because others cause delays. Every person usually thinks that he/she is punctual and we publicly declare that we are well-organized people. We are okay well almost whether it is all good, as soon as the session, project, repair are finished. Charming, witty, gallant, well It will not help if a young person is not punctual as well irresponsible and not keeping promises. Namely, he allows himself to be one hour late for a meeting, or to handle some work after the deadline. First, we allow ourselves to be late at school, then at work. Moreover, the reason for being late is not because the alarm broke, or the bus did not arrive on schedule, it is just because we just decided to lie in bed extra 20 minutes or changed twice in the morning. All managers consider as necessary to adhere to the stated schedule and plans. Punctuality in life is very important Punctual employees are respected, trusted with important things, set as an example and awarded with bonuses or financial rewards. Punctual intelligent leaders create an image not only of their business but also of a serious, rigorous, reliable, fair and confident person. Such an individual is trusted with not only personal secrets, but also business. Punctual workers are rarely fired. Discipline is paramount for police officers in order to ensure reliable public order and inviolability of citizens` rights. Life requires a person to be disciplined and perform clearly. School discipline is adherence to the rules of conduct by students at school and beyond, clear and organized performance of their duties, etc. Students need to understand that it is important to be disciplined and perform the accepted norms and rules at school and in public places. Conscious discipline is based on the conscious performance of social principles and behavior; it is based on the formation of the following features: Discipline desire and ability of individuals to control their behavior according to social norms and regulations; Moral awareness awareness of the need to follow individual and social moral norms; Responsibility quality of an individual, which is characterized by desire and ability to evaluate their behavior in terms of its appropriateness or harm to society, comparing their actions with the requirements, standards and laws present in the society. When teaching students of proper behavior at school and beyond it is important to monitor their behavior taking into consideration handling of the assignments on time, and to take appropriate actions against those who systematically miss the deadline without an important reason. Some schools have special magazines where students` misbehavior and educational measures applied to them are recorded. It helps teachers to timely analyze students` discipline, outline and take steps to improve it, to find out more about the living conditions of the students, get more acquainted with their families, to delve deeper into the inner world of individual students to identify weaknesses of educational work of the school and improve it. When handling assignments on time, we become more disciplined. Furthermore, this trait is one of the most essential for a police officer. The key to success is a good discipline. Discipline is one of the most important conditions that need to be followed by any team member in a company of any category; discipline can create the highest possible standards and conditions of the work performed. Discipline is a quite versatile category. It includes both punctuality and responsibility. Punctuality itself may be different. When it comes to punctuality of employees, they must be present at work in accordance with their contract of employment. Discipline represents a particular moral quality: it is a conscious subordination of a person`s conduct to certain rules and morals. Conscious discipline is seen when a student assumes responsibilities, follows rules and maintains order without constraint. At the same time discipline is a complete, complex and contradictory quality of an individual; it depends on the formation of ideology, belief, determination, will, initiative and independence. Individual and collective efforts of students create this quality. Students usually gain this quality through hard work, initiative, responsibility, perseverance and activity. Of great importance is self-discipline when a student consciously struggles with laziness. One of the components of the mo ral character of students is self-regulatory activities aimed at improving their personality. In addition, students are usually taught such moral qualities as honesty, openness and so on. For students of a police academy, performance, organization and discipline are very important. Discipline is manifested not only in meeting the requirements not to be late, not to miss classes, etc., but also in the performance of tasks, timely implementation and delivery of work, etc. The next moral issue, which we are taught when meeting deadlines, is responsibility. What is responsibility? It is an ability of a particular person or a group of people to assume obligations. Responsibility is an ability in any, even the most difficult situations, to make everything dependent on us, and not place our problems on others. What is responsibility? It is willingness to do what is necessary, taking the initiative. Responsibility is a personal volition. Therefore, responsibility is: An ability to realize the fact that success, quality of living conditions and personal fulfillment is only in our hands; Readiness for fulfillment of obligations and promises; An ability to understand the consequences of an individual`s decisions and actions. Responsibility provides a person with certain advantages that are: Self -reliance and confidence; Formation of self-respect and respect for other people; Self-control; Rational assessment of other people`s behavior. That is why when a person hands an assignment on time he/she is considered as a responsible person who is ready to answer for his/her actions. It is important to work hard in order to meet a deadline and develop a sense of appreciation. Everybody has a need for recognition. It can be achieved through achievements, confidence or demonstration of a person`s experience in a particular field of study. Recognition can be achieved through development and good reputation, assertiveness and gain of a higher status. All people feel the need for respect, which is awareness of personal achievement, competence and recognition. They need a sense of the value. In addition, they need respect, based on their achievements while competing with others. All these needs are closely related to the notion of status, which means weight or importance of the person in the eyes of others. An ability to meet such needs can serve as a powerful motivating factor at work. People require recognition and affirmation. These needs reflect the desire of people to be confident, competent and respected. People with strong needs tend to leadership, recognition of authority in the team. When managing such people various forms of recognition apart from moral encouragement must be used. When the need for self-esteem is met, it leads to a feeling of self-confidence, dignity, and a sense of power. Failure to meet these needs could result in developing a sense of inferiority, weakness and helplessness. Another thing that we learn when handing home assignments on time is the ability to meet our targets. Jim Rohn, famous American businessperson, once said, â€Å"I will climb this mountain. They say it is too high, too unavailable, too steep, too rocky and too difficult to climb. But it is my mountain. I am able to conquer it. Soon you will see how I shake the hand on the top of it, or die on the outskirts of it.† The same is with our assignments; at the beginning, we suppose that this task is too hard to perform, but when we set the target of tackling all problems, the result may impress even ourselves. Definition of personal goals is something like a hammer, allowing us to break old patterns of thinking. We can find the truth about ourselves. Just discovering our personality, we can discover our talents and identify personal goals. The basis of any activity is based on an objective. Purpose is a line of a person’s action that reveals the nature and structure of the individual. The process of setting goals is based on an analysis of the preconditions for its implementation called goal formation. When a person sets the goals him/herself, this indicates that this person is at a higher level of development as compared to a person who is trying to achieve a goal set by other people. If person has aims, he/she tends to work hard to achieve these aims. It is much harder than in the case when a goal (task) is set by other people: A clear statement of purpose activities (what to do, what to study, what to learn) Awareness of the activities (which is necessary) Definition of means needed to achieve the goal Analysis of difficulties faced when achieving the goal and means of overcoming them. Moreover, after accomplishing a task on time, we wake up a feeling of accomplishment and we can respire and start doing other things. Understanding of the moral duty is always associated with a voluntary action. Duty could be performed out of fear or for the sake of reward, and the educational duties contain both of those reasons. The formation of a sense of duty, an understanding of its reasons allows us to do well and according to our conscience, not only according to the requirements of a teacher. Every human action, because of the chosen solution, somehow violates the interests of others as well as society. Because a moral choice of an individual becomes a certain value to other people, it always puts the responsibility on the individual. This responsibility can be conditionally divided into internal and external. Internal accountability is an attribute of moral categories such as conscience; it expresses an ability of individuals to realize the consequences of their actions. External accountability is expressed in the form of sanctions against an individual`s actions. Responsibility means an ability to understand the needs of others. Responsibility means an ability to control personal behavior and to avoid irrational decisions. Being responsible means taking care of all the consequences of one`s actions. Responsible behavior opposes irresponsible one. Responsible action is the one that occurs without consequences for anybody. Irresponsibility is always associated with indifference and thoughtlessness or excessive self-confidence. First, irresponsibility means trying to shift the consequences of one`s actions on others. Nevertheless, I want to talk about external responsibility and punishments for not handing assignments on time. Nowadays, the question of the use of encouragement and unusual punishment is very important. Most teachers use them as dominant, without taking into consideration that nowadays there are a lot of different methods and techniques. Nevertheless, despite such popularity of such methods as encouragement and unusual punishment, teachers use these techniques without thinking whether they are effective in pedagogical terms. Stimulation methods and techniques are aimed at encouraging students to improve their behavior. Direct and immediate purpose of such incentives is to speed up or slow down certain actions. Encouragement reinforces positive habits and increases responsibility. It is all about the above-mentioned appreciation of work, and if we submit a paper after the deadline, we will not get any encouragement but only punishment. Penalty is a method of influence that is used to prevent unwanted actions, stop negative manifestations of an individual with the help of a negative assessment of his/her actions, generation of guilt and shame etc. However, many outstanding teachers support the idea that â€Å"real† education should be without punishments and rewards; this is a kind of a perfect relations between teachers and students. Let`s consider the most common form of punishment, which is teacher`s comments. Another form of punishment is a reprimand. It is a moral condemnation of a student`s acts. It is usually used when a student misses the deadline on a regular basis. Expulsion as a form of penalty is the most rigid one, but its usefulness, to say the least, is questionable. It should be done only if it will have a real educational effect. However, the most widely spread method of punishment is bad marks. That is why it is important to submit homework on time in order to avoid such devastating effects. Nowadays everybody faces a particular type of deadline. In order to avoid such a situation and not to think constantly that the deadline is approaching, there are a few little tricks. Voice the deadlines to other people Avoid vague promises like â€Å"soon† or â€Å"I will do it tomorrow†. â€Å"Soon†- is a rather vague concept. That is why, set specific dates and let other people interested in the fact of keeping the promise know about such dates (e.g., colleagues or other students). A phrase such as â€Å"This assignment will be handed at 4 pm on Thursday† is much more efficient. The fact is that people, who are perfectly conscious of the need to do important things, ignore them and are constantly distracted by everyday trivia and entertainment. Do the important things first We should start doing the most important work instead of the most current or most difficult. Some things seem urgent, for example, phone calls, or responding to a new email. Repeat, â€Å"Do it now†. In education, the most important is to start. Try to repeat the phrase â€Å"Do it now† aloud when no one is around. Procrastination is a kind of defense mechanism; it is a method of dealing with anxiety associated with a beginning or end of something. Create your own reward system We say to ourselves: â€Å"Yes, yes, Ill start, but first I drink a cup of tea†. Teatime gradually flows into watching daytime programs as we work at home or reading the news on the Internet and social networking. Then we come back from the virtual reality and do not know time elapsed so quickly. We should try the following method: Assign yourself with a reward in the form of tea or cookies for an accomplished work (for example, writing of a 500-word report). Use modern technologies to block the Internet Many people complain, â€Å"I get 500 emails a day.† If we get 500 emails a day, we just have to put filters and turn off the alert when new emails are coming. Imagine that these letters are real people who continually come to us and interrupt our work how would we react? We can also download free applications that block access to certain sites at certain times. Using them, we can make sure that entertainment sites and social networks are impossible to access between 10am and 6pm (unless our system administrator has permitted the access). Organize your spare time Start planning a weekend in the middle of a week. Many people think it is terribly boring, but they are wrong. Some people rarely get to their favorite restaurant on Saturday night only because all tables are booked in advance. Avoid those who steal our time Stay away from those people who are â€Å"eaters of time†. If we cannot avoid communication with them, a behavioral strategy will help us to bring the conversation to a minimum. Meeting with friends, who start a conversation with the words, â€Å"would never guess what happened to me last night† is the last thing we need when we need to finish a presentation as soon as possible. Instead of being â€Å"bogged down† in the verbal mud, say, â€Å"I really appreciate that you want to share this information with me. But can you do it later, after I finish my presentation?† If we think over what to say and how to say it in advance, it is unlikely that the other person will consider it rude. Overall, I think that meeting deadlines may have only positive results. It is quite important for us as future police officers to be responsible, punctual and disciplined professionals. In addition to this, meeting deadlines would prevent us from such punishments as low marks and even expulsion. That is why we should learn and do our best not to postpone performance of a task in order to hand in our papers on time.

A latent infection Essays

A latent infection Essays A latent infection Essay A latent infection Essay A latent infection refers to an infective agent, in this instance a virus, staying in an inactive or hibernating province [ I ] . This can happen in both DNA and RNA viruses, including Herpes Simplex virus and HIV. The virus life rhythm includes two parts, the lytic and lysogenic rhythm. Latent infections come under the lysogenic rhythm. This latent phase is utile in hedging an immune response so the virus lasts for a longer clip within the host cell. The lytic rhythm is the chief rhythm where reproduction occurs and is shown below in diagram 1. The first phase is attachment where the virus attaches to the host cell via a receptor. The viral nucleic acid is either injected into the cell through incursion or the whole virus atom is taken up by endocytosis. If the virus was taken up in this manner it now needs to be uncoated so the viral nucleic acid is exposed in the cytol of the host cell. The following phase is cistron look and the control of cistron look determines the overall class of a virus infection ( acute, chronic, relentless or latent ) ( Principles of Molecular Virology, 4th edition, Alan J. Cann, 2005 ) . Depending on the type of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, look and reproduction of the cistron can take topographic point in the cytol or the karyon of the host cell. Assembly so takes topographic point to acquire all the constituents necessary to do a new virion together and they are packaged into membranes and envelopes. This is known as the ripening procedure and is the point when the virus becomes infective. Replication occurs rapidly and so many mature virions are made, that they are released from the host cell through lysis of the cell wall. The virions can now reiterate this procedure on another host cell to distribute the infection. Diagram 1 the lytic and lysogenic rhythms: Viral DNA/RNA is incorporated into the host genome in the lysogenic rhythm besides shown in diagram 1. The host genome is now termed a prophage and the viral nucleic acid replicates as a portion of the host cell and can be passed onto girl cells. No new virions are made in this rhythm and there are no symptoms from the infection. The viral nucleic acid can stay in the lysogenic rhythm for a long clip but if the prophage is triggered by emphasis or UV visible radiation, the rhythm can return back to the lytic rhythm where new viral offspring is formed. Viral latency is portion of the lysogenic component of the virus life rhythm. Gene look is down regulated so, in this latent province, the virus is non being replicated ( Janeway s Immunobiology, 7th edition, Murphy et Al, 2008 ) . The viral nucleic acid is integrated into the host genome and replicates with the host genome but no new viral proteins are being made. This happens at a point after the initial infection with the virus. There is no disease nowadays in this phase but the virus has non been eradicated. The virus can be reactivated from a latent province to a lytic province due to a figure of factors. These include emphasis, sunlight or hormonal alterations. A reversion to the lytic phase of the life rhythm consequences in viral proteins being made and the infection returning, but perchance in a different look compared to the initial infection. The latent province is maintained by the written text of certain cistrons, either maintaining the virus in the latent province or returning it back to the lytic. The forms of the latent phase can be studied utilizing bacteriophage lambda as it does non do disease. Diagram 2 below shows in graph signifier how the virus can travel in and out of a latent province over clip. Diagram 2 latency graph demoing viral burden vs. clip The virus in the latent phase does non bring forth any proteins, which makes it undetectable to the immune system as there are no sensing markers. The virus can besides conceal in cells that do non split, for illustration in some cells of the immune system. The virus does non acquire broken down or engulfed by macrophages as it has become portion of the host cell. The latent phase is a good manner of lasting in a host cell in order to reinfect the host subsequently on. It can so besides spread to other host cells, advancing drawn-out endurance and perennial infection. In a productive infection, the lytic rhythm is activated and viral proteins are made. This is different to the latent phase. The virus would merely last for a certain period of clip in a productive infection until it was eliminated from the host. Herpesviruses do latent infections in many different carnal species ( Introduction to Modern Virology, 6th edition, Dimmock et Al, 2007 ) . Herpesviruses can do different sorts of diseases, for illustration, poulet syphilis, the Herpes Simplex Virus and the Epstein-Barr virus. The Herpes Simplex Virus or HSV has many types, which include Type 1, associated with cold sores around the oral cavity and Type 2 with venereal herpes. Once infected with the HSV virus, it infects the mucose membranes around the oral cavity. The viral DNA of HSV1 so integrates into the host genome in nervus cells called nervous ganglion [ two ] . Viral look is restricted during the latent phase, so no viral offspring is formed. The virus can be in the latent phase and remain in the organic structure for the remainder of its life, perchance repeating at different phases. If the virus is reactivated from the latent phase, it goes into the lytic phase and replicates to organize new viral offspring, which reinfects the mucose membranes of the oral cavity. The new infection can besides look as a signifier of herpes zosters after reactivation. The latent phase of HSV1 has no effects on the host and no symptoms are produced from it unless reactivated into the lytic rhythm. Factors that affect the reactivation of HSV1 include other unwellnesss, for illustration a cold, sing nerve-racking state of affairss either emotionally or physically an d hurts. Within the nervous cells, in the latent phase, RNA sequences are expressed called Latency-associated Transcripts ( LATs ) . There are tonss of LATs and they modify procedures within the host cell so it is non removed by the immune system. This is the merely active portion of the virus during the latent phase and they help keep latency within the cell. LATs are besides required for reactivation. The Epstein-Barr virus or HHV-4 virus is besides portion of the herpes virus household. Peoples infected with the Epstein-Barr virus are frequently symptomless for most of their lives. If the infection arises in a kid, there is an acute infection. However, if the infection arises in an grownup, it can do glandular febrility. Symptoms include a sore pharynx, conceited secretory organs and a febrility [ three ] . The infection starts in the salivary secretory organ and can hence be dispersed direct contact with the septic spit, for illustration, through caressing. It lasts for around 2-3 hebdomads but after that clip, there are no longer symptoms and the virus remains latent in resting, memory B lymphocytes [ four ] . When the B cells are infected with EBV, they proliferate and T cells are recruited to acquire rid of septic B cells. Reactivation of the EBV virus frequently causes a subclinical infection but can besides do malignant neoplastic diseases, like Burkitt s lymphoma, largely found in Africa or B cell lymphoma. When the virus is in a latent province the cistrons are expressed in the round signifier of an episome, instead than a additive signifier in the lytic province. Upto nine viral proteins are expressed in the latent province which is a little sum compared to the viral proteins produced in the lytic province. These specific proteins help to keep the latent province. These include six Epstein-Barr atomic antigens ( EBNAs ) and three latent membrane proteins ( LMPs ) [ 5 ] . EBNA-1 is the lone one of these proteins which is necessary for DNA reproduction and the others are used in cell procedures like cell signalling. EBNA-1 is besides the lone antigen nowadays in Burkitt s lymphoma and T cells ca nt adhere with it, so ca nt acquire rid of the septic cell. Human Immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) is a RNA retrovirus, which causes AIDS. AIDS is a status where the immune system has been degraded so much that it can no longer contend against infection. HIV contains 2 RNA strands and is covered by a protein coat. When HIV infects a cell, rearward RNA polymerase is used to change over its RNA into DNA so that reproduction can happen within the host. After infection, the virus either replicates quickly to infect other cells or goes into the latent province in CD4+ T lymphocytes. HIV is known as a slow virus which means it takes a long clip to bring forth symptoms, frequently taking to a late diagnosing of the disease. An infection with HIV causes flu like symptoms at first, before going symptomless and traveling into a clinically latent stage. In this stage there is still reproduction of the HIV virus in some cells but some of the virus has gone into a latent province, which means some of the virus is active and some is inactive. The clinical la tency phase varies in length from hebdomads to old ages and the virus can still be passed on to other people as the retroflexing virus is besides present. CD8 T cells are responsible for the diminution of the virus but they can non extinguish the virus. Peoples with the HIV virus carry the disease for the remainder of their lives. Anti-retroviral drugs and chemotherapy can non acquire rid of the virus from the latent phase, so even if the activated virus was eliminated, the virus can still re-emerge. The latent virus can be reactivated but the specific grounds for this happening are non known. Reactivation of the virus from the latent phase, consequences in more serious symptoms developing and leads to the oncoming of AIDS. To reason, latent infections are another manner that certain viruses can hedge the immune responses of the host. The virus can either conceal in cells in certain tissues like the Herpes Simplex Virus or conceal in B cells of the immune system like the Epstein-Barr virus. HIV is a RNA virus that prolongs the life of the virus by concealing in CD4+ cells. All these viruses can be reactivated to do a ulterior infection. Often the reverting infection is acute but sometimes more serious infections arise for illustration malignant neoplastic diseases like Burkitt s lymphoma upon reactivation of the EBV virus. The latency phase is a clever technique of the virus to remain in the host for a longer period of clip. hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/latent Latent Viruss and Diseases from World of Microbiology and Immunology. Â ©2005-2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/ebv.htm Introduction to Modern Virology, 6th edition, Dimmock et Al, 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.science.org.au/nova/026/026key.htm

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