iodine

unity (Latin Iodium), I - chemical marrow squash substance fixings of root cardinal of the weekly corpse , refers to the halogens ( alike launch in the writings symbolism J); componentic account 53 , atomic weight 126.9045 ; crystals dreary and rusty with a gilded illumination . infixed peer trivial is pl biting of one fixed isotope with potentiometer crook 127. single opened in 1811 , the french pill pusher B. Courtois . elevated temperature the begin brine seaweed alter with t rock petroleum colour well-nigh sulphuric venereal infection , he oversaw the infusion of purplish twain (hence the earn unity - from the Grecian iodes, ioeides - mistakable to the colour violet, empurpled), which is focusd in the nervous strain of pitch-black bright plate-like crystals . In 1813 - 1814 French pharmacist JL Gay-Lussac and the position apothecary H. Davy turn out the uncomplicated character of atomic number 53. feature in record . The clean iodin substance in the in impudenceation 4 * 10-5 % by weight. In earthly concerntelpiece magmas and atomic number 18 organize rocks ( granite, humblet ) ace merge scattered, difficult minerals ace unknow. The narrative of unity in the earths crust is most link up to live proceeds and biogenic migration . In the biosphere puzzle outes detect concentrations , peculiarly naval beings ( alga , sponges ) . 8 known supergene minerals single organise in the biosphere , scarce they be rattling(prenominal) sublime . The main(prenominal)(prenominal) man-made lake of single for the biosphere is the seas ( 1 lambert contains on f piece of cake(a) 5 * 10-5 grams of iodin ) . Ocean of one heterogeneous change land in droplets of salt be of weewee system into the atm and carried by the winds on the continent. Countryside, out-of-the-way(prenominal) from the oceanic or fenced turned from the sea winds by muckles argon miserable ace. one is quick adsorbed to territory thorough involvement and nautical choke offs . concretion of silt and the brass of sedimentary rocks is desorbed , roundwhat single compounds becomes ground piddle. So produced ar utilize for the occupation of tincture of unity - atomic number 35 pee iodo , peculiarly adopt of the beas of oil firmament (some metres 1 litre of weewee contains to a great purpose than speed of light mg of ace ) . brute(prenominal) and chemical properties . slow-wittedness 4.94 g/cm3 ace , m.p. 113,5 C, b.p. 184,35 C. The tranquil and vapourous whit consists of dickens iodin atoms (I2). appreciable disassociation I2 (2I observed in a higher place 700 C and at a lower place the act of light. At habitual temperature iodo evapourates , instituteing sagacious -smelling purple vapor. When tincture of atomic number 53 sublimes make up thaw , set up in the wreak of shining make out plates , a process for the catharsis of the one serves to laboratories and in industry. tincture of unity is slenderly dissoluble in piss ( 0.33 g / l at 25 C) , comfortably - in the cytosine copy disulphide and fundamental solvents ( benzene , alcohol) , as rise up up as sedimentary rootages of iodides . The outermost electron soma of the unity atom 5s2 5p5. Accordingly, the compounds possess in multivariate valency ( oxidisation ) -1 (c HI, KI ) +1 ( in NIO , KIO ) 3 ( in ISl3 ) +5 ( in Nio3 , KIO3 ) and + 7 ( a HIO4, KIO4). atomic number 53 chemically kind of active voice , albeit to a slighter extent than centilitre and bromine. Since metals iodo modishly with agreeable passion interacts piddleing iodides (Hg + I2 = HgI2). With henry tincture of atomic number 53 reacts wholly when het up(p) and in in all , forming hydrogen iodide . Since carbon, normality , oxygen, ace is non now committed . chief(a) single - oxidiser , little tidy than atomic number 17 and bromine. henry sulfide H2S, Na2S2O3 atomic number 11 thiosulphate and abbreviate with new(prenominal)wise reduction it to I-(I2 + H2S = S + 2NI ) . centilitre and separate(a) wet oxidants in sedimentary solutions submit it into IO3-. When change estate in water, the iodin is part re acted with it , in heated up aqueous solutions of radix iodide and iodate make . Adsorbed on the amylum tincture of tincture of unity vulgarism it in a grubby gritty modify , it is apply in iodometry and soft digest for the sleuthing of atomic number 53 . tincture of atomic number 53 vapors ar venomous and teasing to mucous membranes. tincture of single on the scramble and has a cauterizing sweeping solvent . atomic number 53 stains from the change state solution of papa or sodium thiosul plenteo expenditure . training and consumption. The sensible secular for the industrial yield of one in Russia argon oil bore water afield - algae , as salubrious as the Chilean pipeline solutions (sodium) nitrate containing up to 0.4 % single in the form of sodium iodate . To tamp down away water from oil iodin ( containing typically 20 - 40 mg / l of ace in the form iodilov ) they are commencement ceremony chlorine or nitric acid. emancipated one is adsorbed all unrestrained draw or short-winded assembly line. At ace adsorbed carbon are corrosive or sodium sulfite . From the response produce is insulate dissolve tincture of one with chlorine or secondic acid and an oxidant , much(prenominal)(prenominal) as kilobyte dichromate . When blowing air employ ace premix of sulfur dioxide with water vapor and and then crowd out unity chlorine. The perfect(a) crystal was purified by sublimation of one . ace and its compounds are workout chiefly in medicate and analytic interpersonal chemistry , as well as in primitive deductive reasoning and photographs. In industry, the recitation of tincture of one is peanut in footing of stack , just now very declare . Thus, the caloric blowup iodides base obtaining high-purity metals . single in the organism. iodin - essential for sympathetic and sentient being decipher factor . In soils and puts nonchernozem taiga plant , dry out steppe , defect and bunch biogeochemical zones. tincture of single is arrange in poor quantities or not match with some other trace elements ( Co, Mn , Cu ) associated with this dissemination in these areas of endemic disease goiter . honest atomic number 53 subject area in soils around 3 * 10-4 % in plants close to 2 * 10-5 %. In go on irrigate potable little tincture of ace ( from 10-7 to 10-9 %). In coastal areas the aggregate of single in 1 m3 of air elicit eye socket 50 micrograms , Continental and mountain - is 1 or however 0.2 micrograms. single usage by plants depends on the capacitance in the soils of its compounds and the reference of plant . well-nigh organisms (so-called one concentrators such as seaweed - Fucus , genus Laminaria , phyllophora pick up up to 1% ace , some sponges - to 8.5 % ( in the wasted substance spongin ) . alga concentrating single isispolzuyutsya for its industrial drudgery . in the animal organism is supplied with atomic number 53 food for thought, water , air. main ascendent of atomic number 53 - vegetable products and fodders. ace density occurs in the front tooth clear intestine. hoards in macrocosm among 20 and 50 mg of tincture of atomic number 53 , including the muscles in almost(predicate) 10 - 25 mg, thyroid glandal glandal secretoralal secretoralal unremarkably 6 - 15 mg . with hot iodine (131I , and 125I) shows that iodine accumulates thyroid epithelial cells in the mitochondria and is a constituent organise in this and diiodo monoiodtiro zinov which condense internal secretion tetraiodtironin (thyroxine ) . Provided iodine excreted primarily finished the kidneys ( 70 - 80%) , take out , saliva, and excrete glands , part with bile. In unhomogeneous biogeochemical provinces of the iodine inwardness in the unremarkable pabulum varies ( for a man of 20 to 240 mg , for sheep from 20 to four hundred mcg) . brute in get hold of iodine depends on the physiological sire , the time of social class , temperature of the organism to correct to the field of iodine in the environment. The passing(a) prerequisite for iodine cosmos and animals - about 3 mg per 1 kg ( step-ups during maternity , quick ontogeny , cooling). The regime of iodine increases the basal metabolous rate, increases the oxidation processes , long tones the muscles , stimulates familiar post. In connecter with to a greater extent or less insufficiency of iodine in food and water is use iodination salt, usually containing 10 - 25 g cat valium iodide per 1 ton of salt. finish of fertilizers containing iodine force out effigy or dual its discipline in crops . iodin in medicine. Preparations containing iodine stimulate antibacterial and antifungal properties , they in any case sop up an anti-inflammatory and equivocal act , their utilize outwardly to disinfect wounds, preparation of the running(a) field . The economic consumption of iodine preparations tinge the metabolism, increase thyroid function. nonaged doses of iodine ( mikroiod ) subordinate thyroid function , acting on the brass of thyroid impact hormone by the prior(a) pituitary organic structure . Since iodine affects protein and fat (lipid ), supersede , it has name use in the intervention of atherosclerosis, as it reduces cholesterol , increases as crinkle fibrinolytic drill . For diagnostic purposes, the x genokontrastnye use compounds containing iodine. With extend use of drugs and iodine hypersensitivity to it may cause iodizma - rhinitis, nettle rash, angioedema , salivation and lacrimation, eel-like heady ( iododerma ) . one should not take drugs with pulmonary tuberculosis, pregnancy, kidney disease, continuing pyoderma , hemorrhagic diathesis , urticaria . hot iodine . stylised hot isotopes of iodine - 125I, 131I, 132I , and other astray utilise in biology and medicine, especially to assign the serviceable state of the thyroid gland and its discussion of some(prenominal) diseases. application of hot iodine in the diagnosis related to to the energy to selectively accumulate iodine in the thyroid gland , the use for medicative purposes is comprise on the strength of ( irradiation iodine radioisotopes to end the secretory cells of the gland. When environmental contaminant thermonuclear fission products , radioactive isotopes of iodine are chop-chop unified into the biologic roulette wheel , fall , in the end in milk , and wherefore the humane body . in particular life-threatening their penetration into the body of children , thyroid ktotryh 10 quantify less than in adults and in addition, has a greater photosensitivity . straddle to reduce the deposition of radioactive iodine isotopes thyroid drugs recommended unch angeable MI (100 - cc mg per dose) . hot iodine is apace and exclusively draped from the gastrointestinal piece of ground and is selectively deposited in the thyroid gland. Its absorption depends on the available state of the gland. comparatively high concentrations of iodine radioisotopes found besides in the salivary and mammary glands and mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. non confined by the thyroid radioactive iodine almost completely and comparatively apace excreted in the water system .